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Wood
Prairie Farm Seed Piece Newsletter
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February
2006
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PROCRASTINATOR'S
VALENTINE'S DAY SPECIAL and Agricultural Diversity
SPECIAL OFFER - Save over $21!
Order Wood Prairie Farm's "Garden
in a Tin" - 16 Packets of Organic Garden Seed and Gift Card in a
Holiday Tin for $39.95 ($61.15 value). FREE SHIPPING! Guaranteed to
arrive by Valentine's Day (2/14/06) if you order by 2 PM (Eastern) the
day before (2/13). Includes Organic Tavera Bean, Organic Scooter Beet,
Organic Red Cored Chantenay and Scarlet Nantes Carrots, Organic
Cardinale Lettuce, Organic Flashy Trout Back Lettuce, Organice Wild
Garden Spring Mix and Wild Garden Summer Mix, Organic Rossa di Milano
Onion, Organic Plum Purple Radish, Organic Winter Bloomsdale Spinach,
Organic Black Zucchini, Organic Delicata Zeppelin Squash, Organic Latah
Tomato and Organic Una Hartsock Tomato.
Offer expires 2 PM (Eastern) 02/13/06. Please refer to Code XXXXX.
* * * * *
In line with this month's special of a "Garden in a Tin", February is a
month to begin planning Spring gardens; from containers to backyard
plots to market gardens. Our Organic Garden Seed Collection contains
great varieties that have been bred and selected by family-scale seed
operations like Frank and Karen Morton's in Philomath, Oregon.
Organic seed breeding is the life work of February's interviewee Frank
Morton of Wild Garden Seeds. Frank is passionate about his work and
this month's 'Conversations With...Frank Morton' section contain depth,
breadth and original thought you won't find elsewhere. Make a pot of
tea, sit by the fire, curl up and don't miss it!
Also in this month's newsletter, check out Rose Gold as our highlighted
potato variety. Try this customer favorite out in the recipe in
'Megan's Kitchen' or as part of the February Wood Prairie Potato
Sampler of the Month to help drive away those mid-winter blues. - Jim
and Megan
CLICK HERE TO GO TO WOOD PRAIRIE FARM'S HOME PAGE
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A
Rose of a Potato
Because of its unsurpassed taste, Rose Gold is a consistent choice for
our Wood Prairie Farm customers and one of the most popular varieties
among our co-workers. A mildly dry potato with rosy red skin and yellow
flesh it is a favorite baked or roasted.
TO LEARN MORE ABOUT WOOD PRAIRIE FARM'S SEED POTATOES, CLICK HERE
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Q&A
- Planting Potatoes in Beds
Q: I am planting Butte and Elba in beds that total 100 sq feet. How
much seed do I need? - KW Purcellville, VA
A: You have two options: Intensive and Traditional. For intensive
planting plant those varieties 1 foot apart both ways and mulching
heavily with straw after potato plant emergence to protect the
developing tubers.
Here's the math: potatoes planted 1 foot apart need 1 square foot. So
100 sq feet of bed will need 100 plants. Aim for an average seed piece
weight of 1 1/2 ounce. This will give you 10 seed pieces per pound. So
you will need a total of 10 pounds of seed, or 5 pounds each of Butte
and Elba. If at harvest time the tubers in the bed center are
noticeably smaller than those at the borders it's a hint that light and
nutrients were limited and it would be best next year to spread things
out a few inches wider.
The traditional method involves planting twin rows (say 3 foot apart in
a 4 foot wide bed) and hilling with soil or straw mulch. This method
will use about half as much as seed as the intensive method. - Jim
FOR MORE SEED RELATED QUESTIONS, CLICK HERE
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The Potato Bin
*WOOD PRAIRIE FARM AWARDED GREEN THUMB AWARD
For the second year in a row Wood Prairie Farm was awarded the
Mailorder Gardening Association's "Green Thumb Award" at the MGA winter
conference held in Chicago in January. This year's winner is the
"Organic Potato Blossom Festival" - a unique collection of gourmet
potato varieties chosen for their exceptional blossom beauty and
fragrance. The ten winners of the 2006 MGA Green Thumb Awards recognize
outstanding new garden products available by mail or online. The awards
are sponsored by the Mailorder Gardening Association, the world's
largest nonprofit association of companies that sell garden products
directly to consumers. For more information visit the MGA website at
www.mailordergardening.com.
To check out the Wood Prairie "Organic Potato Blossom Special" Click:
https://www.woodprairie.com/catalog/detail.html?source=&edit
* * * * *
*THE GMO AND NON-GMO CROPS COEXISTENCE MYTH
Most instances of genetically modified crops contaminating organic
crops have been documented in the US and Canada. Now, an organic farmer
in Spain recently discovered GMO contamination in his red corn, ruining
its premium value and the grower's 15 years of careful breeding. Spain
is the only European Union country where GM corn is grown. The Spanish
government is establishing 'coexistence' laws but the proposed rules
have been opposed by farmers. GMO contamination incidents are on the
rise, particularly in North America, as the number of acres of GMO
crops increase. Source: The Non-GMO Report, December 2005
* * * * *
*SUSTAINABLE FARMING CAN FEED THE WORLD
Hans Rudolf Herren, the Swiss agricultural specialist, believes that
hunger can be overcome if sustainable farming, not the adoption of
genetically modified crops, is practiced in impoverished countries.
Addressing the needs of farmers, and finding solutions to help and
attain sustainable agricultural production should be the goal. Herren
has had first-hand experience to back up his claim: he won the World
Food Prize in 1995 for helping to save cassava crops in sub-Saharan
Africa. Source: The Non-GMO Report, December 2005
* * * * *
*WHO'S IN CHARGE? USDA ASLEEP AT THE WHEEL
This week's Slow Food "Take Action" portion of their website
(www.slowfoodusa.org) highlights a Jan. 16 Associated Press article on
a report of botched biotech crop trials. In the report, released just
before Christmas, the U.S. Department of Agriculture's investigative
arm disclosed that the department failed to properly monitor thousands
of acres of experimental biotechnology or GMO crops.
The report by the department's inspector general said the USDA didn't
thoroughly evaluate applications to grow experimental crops, didn't
ensure the genetically engineered plants were destroyed after
experiments and in some cases were not even aware of the location of
the field trials.
The report said the inspection service "lacks basic information about
the field test sites it approves and is responsible for monitoring,
including where and how the crops are being grown, and what becomes of
them at the end of the field test."
Read more on the Slow Food USA website.
* * * * *
*SURVIVALIST SEED
A Norwegian mountainside has been carved into a "doomsday vault" for
the storage and protection of millions of seeds in case of a
cataclysmic event. Most seed banks are threatened by fires,
earthquakes, and war - such as the destroying of seed collections in
Iraq and Afghanistan. The Norwegian facility will be located about
1000km from the North Pole with airlock doors for temperature control
and security systems to prevent the gene bank being raided. Source:
www.hearldsun.news.com, Feb 2, 2006
* * * * *
*PARTING WORDS: MAINE SPEAK
Our 'Maine Speak' section is to help unlock the quirks of the Maine
vernacular to those from away.
"Fellers" (n.)
Definition: Maine version of "fellah", guy comrade or mate. Genderless,
frequently preceded by "you".
Example: "Alright you fellers! That'll be enough throwing potatoes. Now
get back to work!"
CLICK HERE FOR THE WOOD PRAIRIE FARM WEBSITE
The
Potato Bin
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Recipe:
Pan Fried Rose Gold Potatoes with Paprika
Smoked Spanish paprika is perfect with this dish. Use a pan large
enough to hold the potatoes in one layer so they don't steam in their
own moisture.
1 1/2 lbs. Wood Prairie Farm Rose Gold potatoes (3-4 medium)
5 T extra-virgin olive oil
3/4 tsp kosher salt; more to taste
1 tsp paprika, Spanish smoked or Hungarian sweet
Freshly ground black pepper
Cut the potatoes in half, then cut them in thick slices lengthwise, 1/2
to 3/4 inch wide. Stack the slices and cut them in half lengthwise,
then cut crosswise to get 3/4 inch wide pieces.
Heat 4 T of the oil in a large (11 to 12 inch) skillet, preferably cast
iron, over medium-high heat. When the oil is hot, add the potatoes and
stir immediately to coat them with the oil. Sprinkle with the 3/4 tsp
salt and stir again. Fry the potatoes, stirring frequently, until
they're tender in the center and nicely browned on the outside, 25 to
30 minutes. (If the potatoes seem to be browning too fast, reduce the
heat to medium or medium-low).
Turn off the heat. Push the potatoes to one side of the pan and pour
the remaining tablespoon of oil into the empty space in the pan. Stir
the paprika into the oil and let sizzle for about 5 seconds. Stir the
potatoes into the paprika oil until well coated. Stir in several grinds
of pepper. Taste for salt. Serve hot.
Serves four to six.
Source: Fine Cooking, March 2006
FOR MORE RECIPES, CLICK HERE
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Conversations
With...Frank Morton
Frank Morton is a self-described old time salad grower gone to seed. He
and wife Karen sold their Wild Garden Salad Greens to great restaurants
on both coasts from 1983 to 2001. They now operate Wild Garden Seed in
partnership with their friends at Gathering Together Farm in Philomath,
Oregon, selling only the organic seed they grow themselves. A large
portion of their 125 varieties were originally bred by Frank and Karen
during their "salad days", and have now made their way into most of the
commercial catalogs (including Wood Prairie Farm) that serve organic
growers. Frank learned breeding in the garden under the influence of
his farm's ecology and other organic breeders--the likes of Alan
Kapular, Carol Deppe, Raoule Robinson, and especially his good friend,
Dr. John Navazio. Morton enjoys a BS in Psychology, which he uses every
day.
WOOD PRAIRIE FARM: Your great organic background as a lettuce grower
and long dedication to organic seed breeding separates you from most
breeders. What are your goals in your breeding work?
FRANK MORTON: Let's be honest--though it makes the answer more complex;
our goals have changed over time, and have become more sophisticated as
we learned more about breeding, and as agroecologists have learned more
about interactions between plants, insects, pathogens, and one another.
Back in the 80's I was still learning, and the goal was to create
genetic diversity for the salad biz. It was a time of studying the
heirlooms and commercial standards to see what they offered, and what
happened when you shuffled their genetics. The more beauty the
better--the more genetic diversity the better--it all made good salad
like nobody else's and that made marketing easy and that kept money
coming in until we paid for the farm. At the heart of the matter, that
was the goal, so I guess it worked out.
I also realized that I was creating the foundation for a breeding
program based on genetic resistance to typical stresses of organic
growing. Lots of natural selection took place in the first decade of
our natural experimentation, so by the time of our second seed catalog
in 1995, selection for cold hardiness and general resistance to stress
were on top of our selection goals. Pigment enhancement was part of
that, and we often found the darkest reds and purples were the most
cold hardy, and sometimes more disease resistant. We were purposely
maintaining genetic diversity, and we were constantly pooling back
together the healthiest plants. My mental construct was to create gene
pools that had all the good traits--pigments and their "intensifiers",
interesting leaf shapes and textures, vigorous growth, resistance to
whatever diseases were around. I was trying to emulate natural
populations and their natural diversity and resilience. I'm still
trying to do that. John Novazio introduced me to several important
concepts that have matured my techniques and my goals since the
latter-90's, including the critical importance to organic growers of
breeding for pest and disease resistance using "horizontal resistance
breeding" as a model. The essence of the method is selection for
multiple suites of genes that together create "a healthy constitution"
for the final variety. This is different from pedigree resistance
breeding in process and results. The dominant pedigree method is the
addition of single genes (usually derived from wild crop relatives)
that effectively stop specific pathogens from infecting the crop. In
nearly every instance where this approach has been applied, the
pathogen rapidly evolves a genetic antidote to the single resistance
gene that once protected the plant variety. At this point, the
previously resistant variety is as vulnerable as any other. In
contrast, horizontal resistance has a complex of interacting genes
underpinning it's effect. These genes may be functioning in various
rolls for the plant--shaping the stomata, thickening cell walls, making
the leaves fuzzier, or more waxy... By improving calcium transport, or
increasing the effectiveness of the peroxide output by a plant's immune
system, the "horizontal breeder" might be solving a downy mildew
problem. This is not the sort of thing that a pathogen can readily
evolve around, certainly not with a single mutation, and so it is said
that "horizontal resistance is persistant resistance." That is the kind
of resistance that makes sense for organics. It's how the forests and
the meadows work--it makes ecological sense--so my goal is to integrate
this approach into all my longterm breeding projects.
All that said, the first goal remains the same--keep the income coming
so we can raise up the main crop--that is, our sons. In pursuit of
that, the breeding projects still have to be beautiful, and taste good,
and be easy to grow, and be marketable all the way down the line...and
that involves breeding varieties that resist all the seasonal insults
from the world, and that make a crop without babying. Breeding for
diversity and novelty are key in the organic seed world--we organic
farmers are experimentalists, and thrive on fitting new crops into our
farm and market niches. My goal in that regard is to provide some
outlandish options for farmers to play with. I expect them to find uses
and niches I never considered. Some things I have thought about are
technicolor broccoli with edible leaves, winter hardy lettuces,
splendidly edible weeds, new colors for everything eaten raw, fluffy
margins for leaves that are too flat to be forked up from a salad
plate...the goals are as endless as problems.
WPF: Explain the philosophy. Why is good organic seed great for organic
growers?
FM: Plant genetics function by subtle means. Conventional seed is
produced by conventional means. This usually implies that seed strains
maintained and selected within conventional systems are living a
chemically sheltered life, which is not the world they will find on an
organic farm. If the seed variety is maintained in an organically
managed environment, then losses due to stress and antagonists, and the
roguing eye of the organic seed grower, are actually genetic
improvements in the varietal population. Crop strains that have been
selected in organic systems and that do well on the organic seed farm
are in a better selective position to do well on an organic vegetable
farm. They do well on a compost/covercrop soil-food diet, in the
natural environment without fungicidal protection. They have a
selective history that creates subtle changes in population genetics:
better root systems, more responsive immune systems, better weed
competition due to seedling vigor or plant architecture...things that
are difficult to see with the eye, but result in a better adapted crop
in the organically managed environment. Seed quality, of course, is a
huge component. It is my experience that seed from our fields is larger
than the same variety from commercial sources. There might be a hundred
reasons why, but this is what I see time and again. Fat seeds have more
stored food for the emerging seedling--I consider that an observable
benefit if you can get it.
The other aspect of this question is agrosocietal. If we buy good
organic seed from other farmers like ourselves, we are strengthening
the organic web (infrastructure), and ultimately improving our
self-sufficiency and independence from corporate interests that are at
odds with our own. This is good in itself. Remember when organic
produce looked bad next to conventional? Not anymore. That's because
someone bought a little sad produce in the beginning, and gave us
enough practice to get good. And now we are very good. Organic seed is
following the same trajectory. I think we are past the sad sack
period--quality, availability, and price are all moving in the
sustainable direction. We couldn't say that in 1999.
WPF: What are some of your tricks for growing great lettuce?
FM: The big one is matching variety to season. This is largely a matter
of paying close attention to how varieties perform from different
sowing dates in your location. Everything matters in varietal
performance--soil type, day length, day/night temperature changes,
under sky or under plastic, local downy mildew pathotypes...so there is
really nothing to do but trial your choices at different times and pay
attention.
As for soil amendments, I think calcium and potassium are important for
good crop health, shelf life, and full flavor. This along with steady
soil moisture will help avoid tip burn and bitterness. Too much
nitrogen has several downsides--more foliar disease, watery taste and
texture, and poor shipping/post-harvest quality.
Our technique for harvest was essential for our salad's quality, and
though never a secret, most people still find it surprising in an age
of industrial scale salad production. I only know a few folks who do
salad this way. We transplanted seedlings at an equidistant 8" spacing
on wide beds, and began harvest once the plants had a full rosette of
leaves, leaving one whorl of the outer-most leaves on the plant to feed
the roots and take the cosmetic brunt of nightly slug munching. Harvest
proceeded for 4-8 weeks, leaving any cosmetically damaged leaves to
feed the plant, while perfect sized salad leaves went for sale. This
harvest process exposes the maturing heart leaves to light, moving air
and temperature changes. The result is a salad with incredible
pigmentation, broad crisp midribs, toothsome texture, and full flavor.
Try it. You heard it here first.
WPF: Where do you see the organic seed business heading in 5 years? Ten
years? Will family-scale organic seed producers and suppliers be
crushed under the wave of corporate consolidation witnessed throughout
agriculture and the rest of the economy?
FM: In 5 years organic farmers will have way more choices from the
industry--OG hybrids are coming on now. When farmers buy them there
will be more. I think our good ol' OP varieties are going to be
reselected by folks like us, and will reappear in reinvigorated
versions that will give those hybrids a run for their reputation. By
reinvigoration, I mean reselection using "repooled" germplasm from
different sources, screening it to remove off-types, allowing remixing
of long separated genetic diversity, and then reselecting to the proper
type from the most vigorous portion of the population. This will
provide some good work to commercial scale farmers who want to
reconstitute their favorite OP carrot, cabbage, or kohlrabi just
because it can be had no other way. This is what Northwest farmer Nash
Huber has done for himself, and he has saved several varieties from
disappearance and saved himself a lot of money avoiding the hybrid
alternatives. Some very good heads are getting interested in the
particular opportunities that OG seed research and development
provides--I mean university breeders and extension researchers,
forward-looking mainline seed corporations like Bejo in The
Netherlands, and little upstarts like us...not to mention the
well-established regional seed companies that are supportive of
organics and us little upstarts. At this point the organic seed
community is very education oriented, and we tease our friends who try
to keep secrets... secrets are the Other Way to compete...in our
community, openness is rewarded by openness, and this symbiosis saves
us all energy, time, and resources. This could change as the movement
evolves into an industry, and I'll personally be sorry about that.
In 10 years the real fun will begin. We will have resolved our
infrastructure and quality shortcomings, alliances will strengthen into
stable economic relationships, and we will have an experienced crop of
educated organic plant breeders among us, with Ph.D.s and university
affiliations. A synergy of soil ecology, microbiology, and seed
technology will provide farmers with pelleted seed pre-innoculated with
beneficial bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi, and this will give us
opportunities to select for varieties that are particularly good at
forming and benefiting from such symbiotic relationships...think of it
as somewhat similar to breeding beans for types that are really adept
at forming nitrogen-fixing nodules in relationship with Rhizobia
bacteria, and thereby increase yield. We presently know of several
instances where plant-fungal symbiosis conveys pest, pathogen and
drought resistance to the plant. As we learn more about this, I expect
the awareness to be incorporated into symbiotic breeding programs that
will eventually allow farmers to plant not just a seed, but a wee
symbiotic community that supports the health of the crop against seed-,
soil-, and wind-borne pathogens and pests. I think the potential of
symbiotic breeding will vastly overtake the potential of gene-jockeying
single gene traits into crops by the GMO model. The ecological truth is
staring the Round-Up Ready model in the face--resistance is arising in
weeds wherever RR crops are regularly grown--and it will not stand once
the stock investors smell the truth. I have never met an entomologist
that believed Bt-corn is a sound idea, considering the nature of
ecology and all...resistance will arise there as well.
But your real question was about the seed business, and whether the
little guys will be crushed by the big guys. There are, as the Pentagon
likes to say, a lot of moving parts to this. Little guys will have to
do good work, and will need to think in commercial quality standards to
keep their place, which is where our seed community mutual education
workshops come in. As the demand for seed by organic processors and
mainline organic producers increases, the need for 1/2 acre and 1 acre
seed lots will increase significantly. Niches will be formed and
filled, and some of the best small guys will formally hitch up with
better capitalized growing companies that need their field and farm
experience. New young seedheads with new ideas will emerge to shake up
the greybeards. It has been ever thus.
I think family-scale seed producers have a bright future in organic
seed for the foreseeable future. The reason is our need for varietal
diversity in regional organics. No single mega-crop by a
mega-corporation can threaten OG seed growers, because we deal in many
small lots to fulfill our clientel’s diverse needs. The big
guys aren't
interested in one acre or 1/10th acre seed lots, but that is as much as
organics can absorb at this point in specialty vegetable crops. The
organic model is very good at stitching together sustainable incomes
from complex cropping schemes, and bringing OG seedlines to market in
quantity, with variety and quality, will test that ability. Skilled
growers who can juggle will have a lot of work afforded them soon. The
big guys can't really work at the present market scale, which gives us
little guys a chance to get smart and get in. In some ways, we are too
small and pliable to crush with bigness.
WPF: Monsanto has been playing it's agro-GMO technology as
"Earth-friendly"--a way to reduce pesticide use and efficiently breed
wonder crops that will be nutritionally superior and more
resource-conserving than classically bred crops. And, maybe they want a
chance to market GMO's in the organic marketplace? How do you respond
to this bid for a GMO-greencard in the interest of "scientific"
organics?
FM: There is more to say about this than anyone can stand to hear in
one sitting, but I will try to be concise. There is nothing
Earth-friendly about trying to hold a monopoly over food or seed
supply, publicly funded intellectual pursuit, or the use of earthly
genetics. There is nothing in genetic engineering that does the
farm-based breeder any good, since we are not allowed to adapt GMO
seeds to our own farming regions, to our local diseases, or our
creative insights, even if we wanted to. Intellectual property laws
have so constrained the flow of knowledge and resources relating to
genetic engineering, that you need an army of legal staff to
orchestrate a simple single gene transaction between the holders of IP.
The twisting of patent law to suit biotech lawyering has created havoc
for public breeding efforts, and for plant breeders in general who now
fear sharing germplasm least it be "stolen" from them by patent claims
on "traits", a recent case being a claim on "heat tolerance in
broccoli". In 1980, such a claim would have been beyond frivolous. Now,
largely due to efforts by biotech to develop a mechanism to lay patent
claims on scientific discovery (as opposed to invention), we have a
legal minefield to creep through as we try to continue on agriculture's
10,000-year mission to "evolutionize" us humans into a symbiotic
relationship with the world.
There is science, and then there is the reckless application of
technology--made worse by bad social policy. Regardless of the
scientific promise that Monsanto claims ownership to, if the promise is
put to ends that consolidate wealth, ownership, and power over the
global food supply, it's a bad deal and people do not and will not want
it. I say the intellectual property considerations alone make
agro-biotech socially inappropriate for an organic food supply system,
or even an American food supply system. The legal status of GMO seed
make them (legally) dead in the hands of organic farmer-breeders,
regardless of what benefit they may have been "engineered" to deliver.
That aside, I think the entire biotech model for breeding plants is
flawed. It is the single gene pedigree model carried to an extreme.
Whatever promise biotech might have, it is not using it's silver
bullets very well by inserting Bt and Round-Up resistance into
everything. As I said, such simple genetic strategies will not hold up
in the real world very long. Also, it is often overlooked that corn or
soybean in their Round-Up Ready versions are no better than the variety
that the RR-gene was inserted into. If that variety fails due to
disease, drought, a glutted market, or poor milling qualities, the
expensive technology that allowed herbicide application wasn't
important to the farmer or the consumer...it served only the
stockholders of the IP-owning corporation, who certainly get their
money up front in the farming game.
At this point, agro-biotech is irrelevant to organics except as a
contamination threat in the food supply and in OG seed crops. Because
GMO's represent a threat to the crop value of organic growers, I think
we should press for restraints to keep GMO crops and pollen out of
organic production fields, probably with laws that clearly state that
genetic pollution is the responsibility of the offending pollen source
and its legal owner--which would be Monsanto. GMO seed isn't really the
property of the farmer who pays for, sows, and grows it. By virtue of
opening the bag, a GMO growing farmer has agreed that he has "leased
the patented technology delivery system (the seed) to grow a crop" that
will be sold as a commodity, and never replanted. I say let the
polluter pay the damages, and the polluter is the owner.
Whatever single-gene toting jockeys can do, classical breeders can do
better, cheaper, and more democratically. And there is a lot of good
work to do that is not at all high tech--we can all do it in our
gardens and our fields. Selection is an intuitive process, even ants do
it in their underground fungi farms. I say we just do our work and
ignore the hypesters, while defending our environment for the use of
all beings to continue our coevolving destiny. For humans, agriculture
is an essential part of that, and it needs to stay in the hands of
humans with a little humus under the nails.
CLICK HERE FOR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT WILD GARDEN SEED
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(c) Jim and Megan Gerritsen, Wood Prairie Farm, 49 Kinney Road,
Bridgewater, Maine 04735
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